Procedure

Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a weak acid is acetic acid, the main ingredient in vinegar:

Eq1

The use of a double-arrow in the equation above denotes the partial reaction aspect of this process. When dissolved in water under typical conditions, only about 1% of acetic acid molecules are present in the ionized form, CH3COO.

Calculating Hydronium Ion Concentrations and the pH of a Weak Acid Solution

Formic acid, HCO2H, is one irritant that causes the body’s reaction to some ant bites and stings. What is the concentration of hydronium ion and the pH of a 0.534-M solution of formic acid?

Eq2

The ICE table for this system is

 HCO2H (aq) H3O+ (aq) HCO2(aq)
Initial Concentration (M) 0.534 ~0 0
Change (M) −x +x +x
Equilibrium Concentration (M) 0.534 − x x x

Substituting the equilibrium concentration terms into the Ka expression gives

Eq3

The relatively large initial concentration and small equilibrium constant permits the simplifying assumption that x will be much lesser than 0.534, and so the equation becomes

Eq4

Solving the equation for x yields

Eq5

To check the assumption that x is small compared to 0.534, its relative magnitude can be estimated:

Eq6

Because x is less than 5% of the initial concentration, the assumption is valid. As defined in the ICE table, x is equal to the equilibrium concentration of hydronium ion:

Eq7

Finally, the pH is calculated to be

Eq8

Determination of Ka from pH

The pH of a 0.0516 M solution of nitrous acid, HNO2, is 2.34. What is its Ka?

Eq9

The nitrous acid concentration provided is a formal concentration, one that does not account for any chemical equilibria that may be established in solution. Such concentrations are treated as “initial” values for equilibrium calculations using the ICE table approach. Notice the initial value of hydronium ion is listed as approximately zero because a small concentration of H3O+ is present (1 × 10−7 M) due to the autoionization of water. In many cases, this concentration is much less than that generated by ionization of the acid (or base) in question and may be neglected.

The pH provided is a logarithmic measure of the hydronium ion concentration resulting from the acid ionization of the nitrous acid, and so it represents an “equilibrium” value for the ICE table:

Eq1

The ICE table for this system is then

 HNO2 (aq)   H3O+ (aq) NO2(aq)
Initial Concentration (M) 0.0516 ~0 0
Change (M) −0.0046 +0.0046 +0.0046
Equilibrium Concentration (M) 0.0470 0.0046 0.0046

Finally, calculate the value of the equilibrium constant using the data in the table:

Eq11

This text is adapted from Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 4.2: Classifying Chemical Reactions and Openstax, Chemistry 2e,14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases.